The Bureau of the Census publishes statistics in 2 format, tabulated statistics and public use microdata samples (PUMS).

• Tabulated data are preconfigured tables, such as those in books.
• Microdata samples reflect the individual answers of each respondent, excluding personal identifying information. Data are not compiled into tables. Users create their own tables with statistical packages, such as SPSS or SAS. This sometimes requires a good amount of statistical sophistication.

The following illustrates differences. Suppose 4 people complete a census questionnaire as illustrated in figure 1.

Figure 1
Response to Fictitious Census Questionnaire

Name of Householder	Address	Spouse's Name	Children, Their Sex, and Their Age			Population in Housing Unit	Highest Grade of School the Householder Completed	Income in 1999
Jones, Sam	126 Kenmore Ave	Mary	Sam	M	10	5	12	45,000
			Joan	F	12
			Kathy	F	9
Thomas, Steven	127 Kenmore Ave	Karen				2	12	50,000
Kelley, George	128 Kenmore Ave	Jill	Erin	F	15	5	16	70,000
			Jason	M	11
			Emily	F	9
Wu, Gang	129 Kenmore Ave		Hong	M	2	2	14	60,000

Figure 2 represents PUMS data illustrating how each of the 4 households responded. It is no longer possible to identify who completed each questionnaire.

Figure 2
PUMS Data Based Upon Fictitious Census Questionnaire

	Number of People in Housing Unit	Sex of Householder	Presence of Spouse	Sex and Age of Child 1	Sex and Age of Child 2	Sex and Age of Child 3	Highest Grade of School the Householder Completed	Income in 1999
Case 1	5	M	Yes	Male-10	Female-12	Female-9	12	$45,000
Case 2	2	M	Yes				12	$50,000
Case 3	5	M	Yes	Female-15	Male-11	Female-9	16	$70,000
Case 4	2	M	No	Male-2			14	$60,000

Figure 3 displays the fictitious tabulated data.

Figure 3
Tabulated Data Based Upon Fictitious Census Response

Population	14
Presence of children 18 and under by sex
Male	3
Female	4
Highest grade of school householder completed
Mean	13
Median	13.5
Income
Mean	$56,250
Median	$55,000
Per capita	$16,071

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Some questions can only be answered using only PUMS data. Suppose you want to know the median income of widowed polish women who live in owner occupied homes in the U.S. Figure 4 displays the best one can do using tabulated data. Explanations show how this does not answer the question.

Figure 4
Limitations of Tabulated Data

Polish widows in the U.S.	381,049
Median income of Polish females. (This figure includes all Polish women regardless of marital status.)	$19,230
Polish females living in owner occupied housing units with no husband present. (This includes women all Polish women who are unmarried.)	6,188,750

Source: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Summary File 4

PUMS data enables you to 1) isolate Polish females living in owner occupied housing units with no husband present who also happen to be widows, and 2) calculate median income within this subset.

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1990 Census of Population and Housing. Public Use Microdata Samples. A (5%) Sample (U.S. Bureau of the Census)
US CD-ROM 67: C 3.285: CD 90-PUMSA

Census 2000 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) (U.S. Bureau of the Census)
Capen Multimedia Center US DVD 27: C 3.285: P 96/ 2000
Capen Multimedia Center US DVD 28: C 3.285: P 96/ 2000

Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) (University of Minnesota. Minnesota Population Center)
http://www.ipums.umn.edu/
Created PUMS data for the censuses of 1850-2000, plus the American Community Surveys of 2000-2004. Extract data for use with statistical packages, or analyze statistics online.  Users must completethe free registration process. These data are comparable to those in the MicroAnalyst series.

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) (University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research (ISR))
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/
ICPSR is the largest data archive in the world that makes available to its members data files and related documentation. Contact Leslie McCain, UB's ICPSR liaison, for additional information. ( 645-3102; mccain@buffalo.edu )

ICPSR maintains a Census 2000 Web site at http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/CENSUS2000/ . Search for other census data on the ICPSR home page.

MicroAnalyst (QueryLogic)
Lockwood Reference Desk CD-ROM HA181 .M53 1999
Four CD-ROMs provide PUMS statistics covering 1850-1990. These data are comparable to those in the IPUMS series.

Public-Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) (U.S. Bureau of the Census)
http://www.census.gov/main/www/pums.html
Covers decennial census data from 1980-2000, and the American Community Survey.

 

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